BfrqI sfihq akYzmI idwlI vwloN
imly tUr ‘qy goDry dy dMgf gRsq ielfky dyKx aqy bVOdf XUnIvristI ivwc
lYkcr dyx qoN bfad asIN gujrfq qy Dur pwCm vwl dy Èihr gFDIDfm phuMc gey;
ijwQy asIN Bucfl mfry kwC Kyqr ƒ muV AuWTidaF qwkxf sI. asIN dovy, mYN qy
blivMdr gryvfl pMjfbI trFsportrF gurdIp qy ibMdr dy Gry Tihry hoey sF.
AunHF dy pirvfr pMjfb rihMdy sn qy Auh iewQoN afpxy solF tfiery trfilaF
vfsqy mfl df bMdobsq krdy sn.
“lY beI awj qYƒ smuMdr idKf dyxY, qyrI rIJ pUrI kr dyxI aY, pr pihlF afpF
‘bcfAU’ ksby jfvFgy``, blivMdr ny svyry AuWTidaF hI ikhf. Auh sfzy cfrF
ivwcoN sB qoN pihlF AuWT KVdf. nhf Do ky sfzy myËbfnF gurdIp qy ibMdr
ivwcoN iksy iewk ƒ cfh ipafAux leI afKdf. cfh dy Auh keI gyV lf jFdf. myrI
nukqfcInI suxky Auh AunHF ƒ afKdf, “jdoN pMjfb myry kol afAugy qF cfh eynI
vfr hI ipafAUNgf. dfrU ieh ipafAU, afhf ijhVf afp roË ÈfmIN Qozy nfl dfrU
pINdY qy myrI do rupeIey dI cfh `qy iKJI jFdY. ``
gurdIp hurF dy AuWTidaF kridaF mYN Bwj ky jfky dukfn qoN brYz qy aFzy lY
afAuNdf. ibMdr bryk Pfst iqafr krdf. AunHF dI kwpVy Dox qy sÌfeI krn vflI
nOkrfxI moipz qy afAuNdI qF gurdIp myry huwj mfrdf, “ikAuN gujrfq hY pMjfb
nfloN awgy ik nhIN? `` nOkrfxI dI buwZI mrfTx mF pry bYTI hwsI jFdI.
idny-idny asIN GuMmx cly jFdy qy ÈfmIN Gry af jFdy. gurdIp myry iewk kulIg
pRoPYsr df Brf sI. sfƒ AunHF df vDIaf afsrf imilaf hoieaf sI. AunHF kol
rihx df vwzf Pfiedf ieh sI ik sfƒ gujrfq dI nyVy dI vfkÌIaq iml rhI sI.
awDy GMty dy sÌr bfad asIN ‘bcfAU` nF dy ksby phuMc gey. ieh kFzlf
aihmdfbfd roz Aupr gFDIDfm Èihr qoN awgy pihlF ksbf hY. ieh AuWcy sfry Qyh
AuWqy visaf hoieaf hY. Bucfl ny iesdy bhu-igxqI mkfn qryV idwqy sn. ijhVy
Zih gey sn AunHF df mlbf cuwk ilaf igaf sI. iewk jgHf JuwgIaF JONpVIaF
bxdIaF dyKky asIN motr-sfeIkl rok ilaf.
“srdfr jI, hmyN kuC nhIN imlf, hmfrI mdd kIjIey”, JONpVI dy bfhr KVy awDKV
ijhy luMpn iksm dy bMdy ny sfƒ pqf nhIN ikDroN ‘dfnI purÈ` smJ ilaf. asIN
qF afp hotl dy pYsy bcfAux leI gurdIp hurF kol Èrn leI hoeI sI.
“afpko imlf ikAuN nhIN? dyÈ-ivdyÈ sy ieqnf smfn afieaf Qf. pMjfb sy akyly
hmfrI sMsQf ny do trwk Byjy Qy XhF bcfAU myN … ``, blivMdr ny ikhf. sfƒ
dyKky juafk, afdmI qy aOrqF JONpVIaF ivwcoN inkl ky sfzy afly-duafly
iewkTy ho gey. gujrfq ivwc koeI Kfs mMgqf ajy qwk dyiKaf nhIN sI pr ieQy
af ky ieMJ jfpdf sI ijvyN asIN mMgiqaF dy Gr ivwc hI af vVy sF.
“jb bUkMp afieaf, hm qo ieqnf zr gey ik DrqI ko …[ [ ho ikaf igaf hY? ! hm
qo agly hI idn iehF sy sYNkVy mIl dUr cly gey Qy. ab do sfl bfad afey hYN
qo pqf clf ik sBI ko kuC nf kuC imlf hY. hm brqn byckr aOr nmk kI
PYktrIAuN myN kfm krky guËfrf krqy hYN``, Auh bMidaF vFg gwlF krn lwgf.
“afp ko sfÌ-sfÌ bqfeyN ik hm afpko ab kuwJ nhIN dy skqy. Buj myN hmfry
Èihr KMnf kf eyk lVkf sndIp eyk aYn[ jI[ E[ myN kfm krqf hY. hm Aunko
afpkI mwdd krny ky lIey bol dyNgy``, blivMdr ny ikhf qy asIN AuWQoN cwl
pey.
“ey kuietr nYvr ivMnË``, mYN motr sfiekl qoridaF ikhf.
“hF! sfly Bucfl qoN zrdy eI Bwjgy! hux Bfldy ny swqU``, gryvfl hwisaf.
bfËfr ivwc GuMmidaF sfƒ AuWcy QF bxI PfeIbr dy kmiraF vflI cfr-dIvrI ny
afkriÈq kIqf. ieh ‘sdBfE aYËUkyÈn trwst mihlf kflj` sI ijhVf Bucfl dI
qbfhI qoN bfad hux kMm-clfAU kmiraF ivwc cwl irhf sI.
asIN ipRMsIpl dy afiÌs ivwc cly gey. ipRMsIpl qIh ku sflF dI sohxI sunwKI
gujrfqx kuVI sI. blivMdr gryvfl ipRMsIpl aqy pRoÌYsrF nfl gwlF krn lwgf.
mYN bfhr af ky aflf-duaflf dyKx lwgf. ieh Cotf ijhf kflj AuWcI QF bixaF
hox kfrn iewQoN pUrf ksbf aqy aflf-duaflf idKfeI idMdf sI. ksby dy AuWqrI
pfsy dUr qwk pwDrI AujfV DrqI dUr qwk ivCI idKfeI dy rhI sI. gujrfqI BfÈf
ivwc Auh iesƒ ‘ivsqfr` boldy sn. ikAuNik pMjfbI ivwc vI ieh Èbd hornF
sMdrBF ivwc vriqaf jFdf hY ies leI asIN jdoN AunHF ƒ mYdfnI PYlfa dy sMdrB
ivwc vrqidaF suxdy qF bVy KuÈ huMdy. keI cIËF sn ijvyN pMjfb dy amlIaF dI
cfh vrgI gujrfqIaF dI kVHI hoeI cfh, hotlF-ZfibaF qy afm imldI lwsI, bfjry
df rotVf (rotI) qy gujrfqIaF dI rÌ iksm dI zrfeIivMg ijnHF ny sfƒ gujrfq
Eprf nhIN sI rihx idwqf.
dwKxI idÈf vwl nIvINaF pQrIlIaF phfVIaF sn. gujrfq df BUgol ies gwloN mYƒ
bVf rOck lwgf. mIlF bwDI mYdfnI ielfkf cwldf jfAU iPr iewk do phfVIaF af
jFdIaF hn qy iPr pwDrf mYdfn ÈurU ho jFdf hY. Cotf huMdf mYN socdf huMdf
sI ik sfzy ipMzF kol iewk awD phfV ikAuN nhIN hY!
“afp bfhr af gey? `` mYN ipwCy muVky dyiKaf iewk awDKV aOrq cfh dI ipaflI
leI KVI sI, Aus dy nfl sfVI pihnI iewk pRoÌYsr kuVI sI.
“mYN soc irhf sI ik eyzy KUbsUrq kwC dy ivsqfr AuWpr ieh ibpqf ikAuN peI?
`` cfh dI ipaflI PVidaF mYN pRoÌYsr kuVI ƒ puwiCaf.
“ibpqfvF koeI BydBfv nhIN krdIaF huMdIaF``, Ausny gujrfqI imlI ihMdI ivwc
juafb idwqf.
mYN Aus dy mUMh vwl gOr nfl vyiKaf. ibnF Èwk Ausdf Auqr lfjvfb sI.
“quhfzf nfm? ``
“sInf jYn. ``
“jYnI sfzy pMjfbIaF ivwc vI bhuq ny. ``
“jy koeI pMjfbI muMzf prpoË kry qF ivafh krnf psMd krogy? ``
“E! ``, Ausny cIk ijhI mfridaF ikhf, “pMjfbI muMzy df Gr kOx BrUgf? suixaY
ik quhfzy pMjfb ivwc qF dhyj bI bhuq dyxf pYNdY kuVI vfilaF ƒ. sfzy guaFZ
ivwc iewk pMjfbI muMzf rihMdY ikrfey `qy. Auh bYNk ivwc nOkrI krdY. Auh
vwD dhyj dI Bfl ivwc afpxf ivafh lyt krI jf irhY. Auh dwsdY ik sfzy vwD
dhyË dI prMprf hY. ``
“Auh muMzf lflcI qy zrpok hoxY. prMprf qF sfzy imrËy vflI vI aY, psMd dI
kuVI hF kry qF sfzy muMzy ibnF dhyj qoN vI Aus ƒ Bjf ky lY jFdy ny. `` mYN
ikhf qF Auh eynf hwsI, eynf hwsI ik kI dwsF. Ausy vyly Bucfl df iewk vwzf
Jtkf afieaf qF mYN PfeIbr kMD nfl lfeI ZUa Cwz idwqI. Auh bolI, “GbrfAu
nf; aijhy Jtky hux ies ielfky ivwc hr roË afAuNdy hn. ``
“Bucfl ny quhfzy lokF dy ivvhfr qy kI pRBfv pfieaf, myrf mqlb AunHF df
krYktr ikho ijhf sfhmxy afieaY. ``
sInf ny sfhmxy nIvIN idKfeI dy rhy bfËfr ivwc GuMmdy lokF qy iewk nËr mfrI
qy iPr afpxy sohxy sfAU ijhy ichry ‘qy gMBIrqf ilafAuNidaF ikhf, “ijhVy
lokF aMdr cMigafeI sI AunHF dI cMigafeI Ëfihr ho ky lokF sfhmxy af geI.
ijhVy kmIny sn AunHF dI kmIngI sB ƒ ids geI“, sInf swcmuwc eynI isafxI sI
ik jykr mYN ivafihaf hoieaf nf huMdf qF Ausƒ prpoË krn bfry ËrUr soc jFdf.
jIvn ivwc ieho ijhy ËhIn muMzy-kuVIaF Gwt hI imldy hn. DrqI dy iewk toty
‘qy siBafqfvF dIaF siBafqfvF guËr jFdIaF hn pr bhu-igxqI lokF dI soc
sDfrxqf qoN Aupr nhIN AuT pfAuNdI.
mYN gujrfqIaF dI iemfndfrI df ÈYdfeI irhf hF. sMn sMqflI ivwc AuWQy dMgy
nhIN hoey ieh gwl vI myry mn ivwc AunHF pRqI siqkfr ivwc vfDf krdI hY.
ÉfilsqfnI lihr dOrfn pMjfb ivwc ihMdU-iswK dMgy nhIN huMdy pr iekIvIN sdI
cVHdI sfr goDrf kFz qoN bfad gujrfq ivwc dMgy BVk AuTdy hn qy muslmfnF dy
hËfrF pirvfr ihjrq leI mjbUr ho jFdy hn. ijs idn gujrfq df muwK mMqrI
nirMdr modI shuM cuwk irhf sI Aus idn bVOdf XUnIvristI ivwc mYN pfiksqfnI
kivqrI PrmIdf irafË dI kivqf suxfeI sI:
qum iblkul hm jYsy inkly,
ab qk khF iCpy Qy BfeI,
voh mUrKqf, voh GfmVpn,
ijsmyN hmny sdIaF gMvfeI,
afÉr phuMcI duafr qumfry,
ary bDfeI bhuq bDfeI.
GMty df bMinaF hoieaf stfÌ jfx leI iqafr sI. blivMdr ny pMjfbIaF vflI
KuwlHidlI nfl AunHF ƒ afK idwqf sI, “hm afpsy kuC tfeIm bfqyN krnI cfhqy
hYN, ies lIey hm afpko kuC dyr jfny nhIN dyNgy. ``
asI AunHF df DMnvfd krky kflj qoN bfhr af gey.
gFDIDfm Èihr ƒ vfps afAuNidaF asIN rsqy ivwc dFzI nmk PYktrI dyKx leI ruk
gey. gytmYn afigaf lYx leI aMdr dÌqr ivwc igaf. pr dÌqr dy sVIal ijhy klrk
ƒ zmrU vFg isr mfridaF asIN vyK ilaf. asIN byieËqI mihsUs kridaF iËMdgI Br
dFzI kMpnI df nmk nf Kfx dI ksm Kf ky afpxy afpƒ hlkf mihsUs kIqf.
mYƒ smuMdr dyKx dI eynI kfhlI sI ik mYN ies byieËqI ƒ bhuq jldI Buwl igaf.
awgy gurdIp qy ibMdr sfzI AuzIk kr rhy sn. “blijMdr qUM nyVy vflI mfrkIt
jfky kitMg krvf ilaf. dfhVI vI sYt krvf lY. mYN qyrIaF PotoaF iKwcUMgf …[
``, gryvfl ny ikhf.
mYN Ausƒ Auqfrky mfrkIt cilaf igaf. sUrj vI tyZf ho cuwkf sI. mYN nfeI ƒ
jldI krn leI ikhf pr Auh pMjfbI nfeIaF vrgf gflHVI sI.
“pMjfb myN log dfVI-mUCy ikAuN rKqy hY? `` Aus ny puwiCaf.
“vhF nfeI nhIN hoqy, ies lIey rKnI pVqI hYN, qum pMjfb clo, qumfrf kfm
bhuq clygf, ab jldI kro BfeI``, mYN iKJ ƒ CupfAuNidaF ikhf. mYN awj hr
hflq ivwc ‘sn sYt` ËrUr dyKxf sI. ikMny idn ho gey sn kFzlf bMdrgfh dy
nyVy afieaF. myrf bfpU gurmyl isMG afpxy trwk ivwc ieQoN skrYp lY ky jFdf
huMdf sI, goibMdgVH dIaF lohf imwlF vfsqy. myry bcpn dIaF XfdF ivwc kFzlf
bMdrgfh qy smuMdrI jhfË AuvyN ijAuNdy sn ijvyN iksy bwcy dIaF XfdF ivwc
rfjkumfrF qy prIaF dIaF khfxIaF ijAuNdIaF huMdIaF hn. smuMdr ƒ mYN hux qwk
tI[ vI qy isnymy ivwc hI dyiKaf sI jF iPr ‘Elz mYn aYNz d sI`` aqy ‘mfCI`
afid nfvlF ivwc piVHaf sI. afpxI klpnf ivwc mYN afpxy afp ƒ smuMdr kMZy
vsy iewk ipMz dy bfiÈMdy dy rUp ivwc keI vfr dyiKaf hY.
jdoN mYN Gry phuMicaf qF Auh iqMny jxy mYƒ bfhr KVy AuzIk rhy sn. mYN sUrj
vwl JfqI mfridaF ikhf, “cwlo jldI, mYN kwpVy nhIN bdldf. ``
“cwlo pr ipV-pwly kuwJ nIN pYxf``, gryvfl ny dunIaF gfhI hoeI sI.
Auh myry ipwCy bYT igaf. mYN motr-sfeIkl dvwl idwqf. smuMdr ijvyN iewk
vwzf cuMbk sI qy mYN Aus vwl iKwicaf jf irhf sF.
“blivMdr motr-sfeIkl rokIN, mYN gurdIp nfl bYTdf skUtr `qy``, gryvfl ny
ikhf.
skUtr qF Kfsf ipwCy rih igaf sI. asIN KVHky AunHF ƒ AuzIkx lwgy. qyË afAux
dI myrI sfrI imhnq bykfr geI. hux rokx dI kI loV pY geI sI, mYN pryÈfn sI.
ieho ijhy isafxy bMdy qy mYN iKJ vI nhIN skdf sI. trwkF dIaF vhIrF dIaF
vhIrF bMdrgfh vwl BwjIaF jf rhIaF sn. pMj Cy lynF ivwc Bwjy jFdy trwkF df
aijhf idRÈ mYN pihlF kdy nhIN sI dyiKaf. skUtr af igaf. ibMdr myry ipwCy
qy gryvfl gurdIp dy ipwCy bYT igaf. jdoN asIN bMdrgfh qy phuMcy qF hnyrf
smuMdr AuWqy Auqrky Ausƒ ies qrHF Zwk cuwkf sI ik sfƒ iewk CwpV ijhy qoN
vwD kuwJ idKfeI nhIN dy irhf sI. bws sO ku mItr qwk pfxI qy Aus qoN pry
sMGxy hnyry dI kMD ijhI.
“ieh koeI smuMdr aY! `` mYN ijvyN iksy bwcy vFg ikhf. AuQy iewk ivdyÈoN
afieaf gujrfqI pirvfr vI inrfÈ KVf sI. eyny ƒ skUtr vI phuMc igaf.
“mYN ikhf beI sfzy `coN iewk jxy ƒ qF ijAuNdy vfps Gry jfxf cfhIdY. mYƒ
pqf sI ik qUM hux rÌqfr nhIN GtfeyNgf, ies leI mYN AuWqr igaf``, gryvfl ny
ikhf.
swc-muwc pMjfb ivwc bhuq hOlI qy TrMmy nfl zrfeIivMg krn vflf myrf suBfa
eynf kfhlf pqf nhIN ikAuN pY igaf sI.
“hux qYƒ kwlH svyry mFzvIN Èihr qoN mYN smuMdr dy dIdfr krfAUNgf. mYN
gurdIp qoN rsqf smJ ilaf``, gryvfl ny mYƒ hOslf idwqf.
Gry phuMcky asIN smuMdr vflI bysuafdI ƒ BulfAux leI Èfm ƒ rMgIn bxfAux
dIaF slfhF krn lwgy. gujrfq zrfeI styt hY pr pMjfbI trFsportr
eyDroN-AuDroN pRbMD kr hI lYNdy sn. gurdIp Pon qy Pon krI jf irhf sI. mYN
ikhf, “ibMdr mwCI KrIdUMgf mYN, qy pYsy vI mYN hI idaFgf.” mYƒ ieh sI ik
Ausny afm ijhI lY lYxI hY. myrf mwCI Kfx ƒ jIa krdf sI. bfhr jf ky mYN
hmyÈf pMjfbI Kfxy Cwz idMdf hF. mYƒ AunHF lokF qy hYrfnI huMdI hY ijhVy
goaf ivwc GuMmdy hoey vI pMjfbI Zfby lwBdy iPrI jFdy hn.
asIN vfps muVy qF gurdIp ajy vI Pon kr kr dfrU bfry puwCI jFdf sI. Auh
vfr-vfr pMzq ƒ Xfd krdy. mYN AunHF ƒ dfrU pRfpq krn dy Xqn Cwzky grm-grm
mwCI Kfx leI afiKaf pr gurdIp mihmfn-invfËI ivwc koeI Gft nhIN CwzxI
cfhuMdf sI. aKIr pMzq afp hI pRgt ho igaf. ieh ÈrmF AunHF df gujrfqI dosq
sI. ÈrmyN ny gurdIp df mobfeIl lY ky afrzr idwqf. kuwJ imMtF bfad hI iewk
bMdf boql dyx leI af igaf. ÈrmF afp inwq df ÈrfbI sI. AusdI GrvflI dfrU ƒ
sÉq nÌrq krdI sI. Auh ÈrmyN ƒ rfq df Kfxf nhIN idMdI sI. Auh Kfxf bfhroN
Kf ky jFdf. bhuqI vfr gurdIp hurF kol hI KFdf.
“eyk bfq bqfEgy, guwsf qoN nhIN krogy? `` pihlf pYg pINdy sfr ÈrmF mYƒ
sMboiDq hoieaf.
“agr bfq guwsy vflI hUeI qo guwsf ËrUr krUMgf, lyikn mihmfn hUM ies lIey
afpsy kuC nhIN khUMgf`` mYN ikhf.
“afp ny iswK ho kr kys ikAuN ktvf rwKy hYN? afp kflj myN tIcr ho, bwcy ko
ikaf iskÈf dogy … …[ afp … tIcr ho afp ko ËrUr rKny cfhIey``, Aus ny myrI
gwl ax-suxI krky svfl kr idwqf.
“pMzq jI, Xyh bhuq bVy pRÈn hY, bfq lMbI clI jfiegI. ies muwdy py qo sfry
iswK vI iek-mq nhIN hY ik ikrdfr ËrUrI hY jF pMj krfr ËrUrI hYN, CozIey
afp pYg lIjIey, mYN iessy iËafdf kuC nhIN kihnf``, mYN ikhf.
“beI asIN pVHy ilKy bMdy, nOkrI imlI nI; ikwQy af Psy? beI asIN ies mYdfn
dy ispfhI nhIN hF``, mihÌl jMmxI ÈurU ho geI sI. ibMdr iPr boilaf, “myrf
Brf inAUËIlYNz sYtl aY. awj Pon afAUgf. mYN QozI gwl krfAUN. Auh vI kivqf
ilKdY. lY mYN huxy lfAuNnf … … hYlo … hF mYƒ Pon kr[ [ E … ky … lY hux ds
imMt bfad Pon krU …. ``
pMzq ny qIjf pYg aMdr suwtdI sfr afpxf pRÈn iPr duhrf idwqf. mYN AusdI gwl
axsuxI krky gurdIp dI suxn lwgdf hF, “Xfr trwkF df ikwqf, bws qUM puwC nf
kuC. vwzI mwCI CotI ƒ inglI jFdI aY. pqf nI ikhVy vyly zrfeIvr df Pon af
jfvy beI zI[ tI[ E[ pMj hËfr mMgdY. asIN qF rfq ƒ mobfiel vI aOÌ krky
pYnyN aF. ``
“BfeI sfhb myry svfl kf juafb? `` pMzq boilaf qF mYN Ausdf pYg iKwcky
afpxy hwQ hyT kr ilaf. hux Auh hwd twp cuwkf sI.
“qUM ikAuN Èrfb pINdY? pMzq hoky Èrfb pIxI bhuq vwzf pfp aY. mYN qYƒ pYg
nhIN lfAux dyxf. jy qUM Èrfb Cwz dyvy qF mYN vI kys rwK lAUNgf``, mYN
Biraf pIqf hox dy bfvjUd TrMmy nfl ikhf. Auh imAUNspl kmytI ivwc Cotf-motf
aÌsr sI. gurdIp qy ibMdr ƒ Aus qwk keI kMm pYNdy rihMdy sn. mYN nhIN
cfhuMdf sI ik myry krky AunHF ivwc ivgfV pYdf hovy. sfzIaF gwlF cwldIaF
rhIaF pr mYN Ausdy glfs ƒ afpxy kbËy ivwc hI rwiKaf. Ausny do iqMn vfr
glfs afpxy vwl srkfAux df Xqn kIqf pr mYN Aus vwl Jfky ibnF hI glfs ƒ pkVI
rwiKaf qy ijhVI gwl mYN suxf irhf sI Auh suxfAuNdf irhf. iewk guwsf mYƒ
ieh vI cVH irhf sI ik gurdIp hurIN Ausƒ cuwp ikAuN nhIN krfAuNdy. nfly
Ausƒ sfzy Drm dIaF aMdrUnI gwlF df kI pqf.
“blijMdr, pMzq df glfs Cwz dyh``, gryvfl ny ÌYslfkuMn aMdfË ivwc ikhf. Auh
hux qwk cuwp-cfp bYTf sfƒ not krI jf irhf sI, “pMzq jI, glfs lY lAu pr
jykr qusIN iewk vI Èbd, blijMdr ƒ ikhf qF asIN aOh sfhmxy pey afpxy bYg
cuwk ky cly jfxY. ieho ijhIaF gwlF puwCx dwsx df iewk mOkf huMdY. kdy afp
pMjfb afeIey hm afp kI mihmfn-invfËI kI KuÈI vI lyNgy aOr ien aOr ien
svfloN ky juafb vI dyNgy. agr hm iblkuwl swc bolyN qo ien svfloN kf juafb
hmfry myËbfnoN ko vI burf lgygf …[ . ``
icrF qoN cuwp bYTy blivMdr gryvfl dy bolx nfl sfzI mihiÌl ivwc sMnftf Cf
igaf. gujrfqI pMizq ny ‘sOrI` afKidaF afpxf pYØwg cuwikaf qy gt-gt pI
igaf.
(bfkI ihwsf agly aMk ivc)
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