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AuWqrI amrIkI pMjfbI sfihq,
smuwcy ivdyÈI pMjfbI sfihq df iewk muwK ihwsf hY, jIhdy bfkI muwK ihwsy
mlyÈIaf-isMGfpur (dwKx-pUrbI) eyÈIaf, aPrIkf, XUrpIn qy astRylIaf afid hn.
amrIkf-knyzf ivc pMjfbI sfihq ilKx vfly bhuq lyKk hn. inscy hI iehnF ivc
AuWqm qy mwDm drjy dIaF ilKqF vfly lyKk vI hn. keIaF dIaF iewk qoN vwD
ikqfbF CpIaF hn. myrIaF jF rivMdr rvI dIaF qF pMdrF qoN vwD ikqfbF hn.
rxDIr isMG inAUXfrk, suiKMdr, suirMdr DMjl, ajmyr rozy, nvqyj BfrqI,
surjIq klsI, drÈn igl, jgjIq sMDU, AuNkfrpRIq, pRIqm DMjl afid ny suhxI
kivqf ilKI hY. iehnF ivcoN keIaF nUM pVHidaF suhj-suafd dI iqRpqI vI huMdI
hY qy soc nUM juMbsL vI imldI hY.nftk dy Kyqr ivc kYmlUps dIaF mwCIaF,
kfmfgftf mfrU, afjLfdI dy jhfjL, aMnHIaF glIaF qy myry lok syvf afid df
ijLkr kIqf jf skdf hY. hIrf rMDfvf vrgy pMjfb qoN nvyN afey lyKk nftk Kyzx
dy qjrby vI kr rhy hn.
khfxI mMc troNto dIaF iqRmfsk mIitMgF ivwc imMnI gryvLfl, brijMdr gulftI,
ikrpfl isMG pMnU, jrnYl isMG, jrnYl isMG grcf, rozy, myjr mFgt, vkIl klyr
kfrjsLIl hn. vDIaf rcnfvF mYN vI‘duwD puwq¡¯ ijhIaF rcnfvF ilKIaF hn. zf:
virafm isMG sMDU vrgy pRiswD ivdvfn cMgIaF rcnfvF nUM sfx qy cVHf ky vDyry
cMgyrf bxfAux ivwc mwdd krdy hn. rcnfvF Cfpx ivc sfzy aKbfr pMjfbI zylI,
pMjfbI post, spqfhk ajIq, pMj pfxI, hmdrd, KLbrnfmf, pRvfsI, ihMdosqfn
post shfeI ho rhy hn.
lyKkF df eyQy vflIaF 1982, 90 qy 2002 ivÈv sMmyln jF lMdn qy imlvfkI vfly
1980 qy 1997 vfly sMmylnF qoN ikMny hI lyKkF dy drÈn vI hoey. ijMnF ivwc
sMq isMG syKoN, guridafl isMG, hrlfrvI, mIÈf, drdI, bwlI, jnmyjf isMG
jOhl, suirMdr igl, bljIq bwlI, mhIp isMG, sivMdr isMG Aupl, byaMq kOr,
kuldIp klpnf ijhy nF Kfs hn. aYQoN asI vI 1983 ivwc idwlI, pMjfb, mYlvfkI,
pitafly, aimRqsr, cMzIgVH, luiDafxf dy sMmylnF ivwc isLrkq kIqI. jfpfn,
rUs, pOlYNz dy lyKkF qy aiDafpkF nfl vI ivcfr vtFdry hoey, ieMglYNz dy
gurnfm igl, iÈvcrn igl, hrjIq atvfl, luiDafxvI, amIn milk, sMqoK rfey, ig[
drÈn isMG DMnoaf nfl cMgIaF sFJF peIaF.
pwCmI pMjfb qoN kYnzf afey pMjfbI lyKkF ivwc BfvNy zf[ aKqr qy pRo[ afiÈk
rhIÜ sLfiml hn. rhIl hurF guridafl kMvl qy iqRlocn isMG dIaF ikqfbF nUM
sLfhmuKI ilpI ivc qbdIl krky Cpvfieaf. cODrI nËIr khUt horI eyQy afey.
AuhnF do vDIaf vwzy nfvl ilKy hn ijMnHf ‘qy kYnyzf df rMg hoxf kudrqI hY.
sjfd hYdr horF rwb nUM ipafry ho gey nËIr sdr dIaF lBIaF kivqfvF dI pusqk
CfpI hY. cVHdy pMjfb ivc suKimMdr rfmpurI, gurcrn rfmpurI ijMnI pRisDqf qF
BFvy nhIN lY sky pr kivqf –Kfskr ÊËl ivwc iksy qoN Gwt nhIN. “XugF dI pIV
nfl” 1982 qoN ÈurU ho ky 1990 ivwc asImq sPr, imhrbfn hQ, mYN inrI pqJV
nhIN, DIaF, ieh sPLr jfrI rhy ÊËl sMgiRh 2008 qk iehnF df sPr jfrI hY.
iehnF vFg hI ndIm prmfr horF ÊËl hI nhIN nfvl vI ilKy qy ÊËl dI smJ qy
prcfr ihwq gËÜ iqRmfsk vI Cpvfieaf. kivqf dI gl kridaF myry sfhmxy hrbMs
ky[ brfV dI pusqk ¡®PuwlF BrI cMgyr¡¯ hY. AuhnF dy gIq nirMdr bIbf ny vI
gfey hn.zf[ drÈn isMG, ipafrf isMG kuwdovfl, lK krnfvlI, jsvIr kflrvI,
ZINzsf, rvI vI afpxI QF pMjfbI sfihq dy pRcfr ivwc kfPI Xogdfn pf rhy hn.
AuqrI amrIkf ivc pMjfbI ilKx qy Cpx dy koeI pUrI sdI dy ieiqhfs vl Jfq
mfrIey qF pihlf dhfkf amrIkf XU[ aYs[ ey[ ivwc vDyry ËrUrI idsdf hY qy
afÉrI kYnyzf ivc. ivckfrlf smF mwDm qy hor Koj pVqfl dI mMg krdf hY.
amrIkf ivc pMjfbI sfihq df jnm ‘Êdr dI gUMj’ dy pRkfsLn nfl sLrU hoieaf jo
hQ nfl pMjfbI (gurmuKI) AurdU qy ihMdI ivwc Cfipaf qy vMizaf jFdf sI ijs
df ivsLf dyÈ dI afËfdI leI lfm bMd hox leI vMgfr sI. ieh dOr kivqf df dOr
sI. 1937 qoN pMjfbI tfeIp nfl Êdr dI gUMj dIaF pihlIaF CfpF nUM dubfrf Cfp
ky vMizaf igaf ikAuNik ihMd ajy vI gulfm sI. pihly aMk df muwZ swcI pukfr
ieMJ ÈurU huMdf hY: ‘sfrI Klk KudfeI bydfr bYTI suwqf jfgdf qUM ihMdosqfn
ikAuN nI. pfty kpVy ijsm kmËor hoieaf dwsy joÈ qy ijgr df qfn ikAuN nI.’
krqfr isMG srfBf qy AuhnF dy sfQIaF ijhVf sfihq ricaf Auh bhuqf bynfm hY.
BfrqoN pVHn afey ividafrQIaF ny ieQoN AuqrI amrIkf dy cMgyry rfjsI qy
smfjk ZFcy qoN AuqÈfh lY vI ilKxf afrMiBaf ijsdI vDIaf imsfl s[ gurbKÈ
isMG pRIq lVI hY ijnHF dIaF ikMnIaF hI rcnfvF dI ieh ipwTBUmI hY. rGbIr
isMG koietf ny amrIkf dI sYr ilKI qy 1920 krIb CpvfeI.
bhuqy ÊdrIaF dy Bfrq jfx ipCoN vI Êdr pqRkf 1929 qk cldI rhI qy ies ipCoN
iesdIaF Éfs rcnfvF kqfbicaF dy rUp ivwc 1947 qk CpdIaF rhIaF. ies ipCoN
1965 qk df smF kfÌI Koj pVqfl dI mMg krdf hY ikAuNik ies smyN ivwc s[
krqfr isMG jo QIEsfPIkl sosfietI dy mYNbr sn qy pqRkf kwZdy sn, qoN bhuqI
smwgrI hwQ nhIN af rhI. 1965 dy krIb ieMdrjIq isMG kohlI ny vYnkIvr qoN
ieMzo-kYnzIan Cfpxf arMiBaf qy pMjfbI rcnfvF idsx lwgIaF. gurcrn rfmpurI
dy puwj jfx nfl kYnyzIan pMjfbI rcnf Kyqr ivwc kuwJ hor hrkq afeI. 1967ivc
myrf trFto qy kuwJ pMjfbI ipafiraF df CyqI hI kYnyzf afAuxf vI pMjfbI rcnf
Kyqr dy vDx df kfrn bixaf. s[ gurbKÈ isMG 1967ivc afpxI XUnIvristI prl
afrbr dy 50vyN gRYjueyÈn vrHy qy afey qy trFto vI sfnUM AuqÈfh dy ky gey
qy AuhnF myrf sÌrnfmf ¡®awDf cwkr‘ Cpvfieaf qy Aus bfry 1970 ivwc bVf
AuqÈfh vDfAu iliKaf. sfzy torFto ivwc bx rhy sfihqk vfqfvrn nUM slfihaf qy
hor ilKx leI pRyiraf.
1968 ivwc vYnkUvr pMjfbI vIklI bVy AuqÈfh nfl inkilaf qy sfl ku cilaf.
iesdy sMpfdk ig[ qfrf isMG sn. sfl ku cl ky pMjfbI vIklI bMd ho igaf pr
hux nvyN afey pMjfbIaF dI igxqI vDx lwgI qy pirvrqn, nvIN DrqI afid ÈurU
ho bMd hox lwgy.
tOrFto qoN ‘pUrb-pwCm¡¯ meI 1971 ivwc inkilaf ijsdf nF 1973 ivwc eyÈIaf
tfeImË kr idqf igaf qy hux qk Cp irhf hY. vYnkUvroN ‘vqnoN dUr’ ¡®lok
syvf¡¯ dI Èkl df koeI drjn Br sfihq ipafiraF afrMiBaf. suirMdr DMjl, ajmyr
rozy, amrjIq cfhl, rGbIr mMz, pfl ibinMg, igl avqfr, lft iBMzr ies nfl
smyN smyN juVy rhy. qfrf isMG hyar ny vwK ho cricq spqfihk ieMzo kYnyzIan
tfiemË 1978 ivc sLurUafq kIqI. vYnkUvroN rxjIq vI Cpdf irhf qy hux hor
prcy afpxf QF bxf rhy hn. trFto qoN eyÈIaf tfiemË hor pricaF leI AuqÈfh df
kfrn bixaf qy pRdysI pMjfb qy sFJ svyrf 1977qoN qy pMjfbI pqRkf 1971 qoN
Cpx lwgy. eyÈIaf pRkfÈn vloN hI 1975 qoN AurdU awKrF ivwc AurdU –pMjfbI
mfisk vI Cp irhf hY. sMpfdkI lyKF ivwc gurdIp isMG cuhfn qy qfrf isMG hyar
muKI sn. kYnyzf ivwc BFvy ies smyN 60-70 lyKk smyN smyN kuwJ nf kuwJ
pMjfbI ivwc ilKdy hn pr pMj aijhy lyKk vI hn jo eyQy puwjx qoN pihlF pMjfb
ivwc afpxI lyKxI kfrx sQfpq smJy jFdy sn-gurcrn rfmpurI (kivqf) kysr isMG
(nfvl, ieiqhfs, khfxI) qy iqRlocn isMG igwl (kivqf, nftk, sPrnfmf,
ieiqhfs). 70ivaF ivwc rivMdr rvI (khfxI, kivqf) 1991 ivwc gurdyv isMG mfn
(kivqf, hfsrs) iehnF lyKkF dIaF60 qoN Aupr pusqkF hn ijnHF ivcoN awDIaF
eyQy pwjx qoN pihlF Cp cuwkIaF sn qy iewQy af iehnF df ilKxf jfrI hY qy
klf sfDnf dIaF nvIaF isKrF CuhIaF hn.
kuwJ lyKk aijhy hn ijnHF pMjfb jF Bfrq ‘c ilKxf arMiBaf qy eyQy jfrI
rwiKaf ijvyN-qfrf isMG hyar, iekbfl rfmUvflIaf qy suiKMdr. kuwJ lyKkF ny
kYnyzf af ky pMjfbI c ilKxf jF Cfpxf arMiBaf. iehnF ivwc stIPn igl (kivqf)
imqR rfÈf (kivqf) qy hrBjn isMG pvfr (khfxI, nfvl) Èfiml hn. nfvlF ivwc
ig[ kysr isMG hI mohrI hn ijMnHF ipCly do dhfikaF ivwc qkrIbn eyny hI nfvl
idqy hn. ivÈf muK rUp ivwc afËfdI hY. sfihq dy hor aMg kfPI vDyry sfDn qy
imhnq mMgdy hn. imqR rfÈf, mfhl, gurmyl, surjIq klsI, ajmyr rozy, gurdIp
cuhfn, drÈn igl, suiKMdr, guridafl kMvl, sMqoK CInf, amrjIq sUPI vI cricq
lyKk hn. gurcrn rfmpurI df ‘aMnHI glI’, 1972 vrnx Xog kivqf sMigRh hY.
kYnyzf qoN amrIkf gey zf[ gurmyl dI kivqf df afpxf hI ivigafnk idRÈtIkox
vflf rMg hY. zf[ jgjIq brfV (luiDafxf) dIaF khfxIaF (vfpsI mfiDam), qy
nfvl ‘Duwp diraf dI dosqI’ ipwCo mfrc 1982 ivwc kfiv pusqk‘ ‘zubdy cVHdy
sUrj’ CpI hY. Auh koÈ-gq arbF qoN pfr Jfkx qy nvF kfiv mhfvrf GVn ivwc sPl
ho sikaf hY
kYnyzIan pMjfbI rcnf Aupr kYnyzIan vfqfvrn df asr sfnUM sfÌ idsdf hY. sfzy
lyKkF ny kYnyzIan jIvn dy keI pwKF nUM afpxI sfihq rcnf ivwc smfieaf hY.
ies nfl pMjfbI sfihq nUM nvF rUp imilaf.
kYnyzIan pMjfbI sfihq nUM muK Dfrf dy pMjfbI sfihq df ihwsf mN ky rivMdr
rvI qy igafnI kysr isMG horF nUM pMjfb ivcoN snmfn pRfpq hox nfl knyzf dy
pMjfbI sfihq df mfx viDaf hY. y sfihqkfrF ivwc ieMglYNz sfQoN awgy sI
ijwQy bVy nfvl, khfxIaF qy kivqfvF dI rcnf hoeI. pr hux knyzf df sfihq
kyNdr ivc af irhf hY. pMjfbI sfihq df BivwK hux keI drjn dyÈF qy Bfrq dy
drjn sUibaF ivwc hY. so sfry pMjfb hI, pMjfbI sfihq qy bolI dy sfKI hn.
spqfihk pwqrF dy pRkfsLn ivwc qF knyzf pMjfb nfloN vI awgy lMG igaf hY.
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