ijLMdgI dy kuJ vrky
ikqfbF pVHn dI cytk qy pwCmI sMsfr
- ipafrf isMG Bogl (98720 42611)

pVHfeI skUl-kflj dIaF jmfqF pfs kridaF vI kIqI, pr aslI pVHfeI jmfqF pfs krn nfl nhIN hoeI, pusqkF pVHn dI cytk nfl hoeI. ieh cytk lwgpwg 1960 ivc lwgI, qy 1970 qwk mYN iesdI pkV ivc irhf. ienHF sflF ivc aMgryjLI BfsLf df sfihq aqy aMgryjLI ivc anuvfd ho ky Cipaf XUnfnI BfsLf df sfihq, rUsI, PrFsIsI qy jrmn BfsLfvF df sfihq jnUMnI ivakqI vFg piVHaf. nfvl, khfxIaF, nftk, kdy-kdy ienHF pusqkF dy lyKkF dy jIvn aqy rcnf bfry aflocnfqmk pusqkF, ienHF ivDfvF bfry isDFqk-aflocnfqmk pusqkF, pwCmI BfsLfvF dy sfihq dy ieiqhfs bfry pusqkF aqy ienHF BfsLfvF dy sfihq dI qulnf bfry pusqkF pVHIaF. ies pVHfeI ny igafn dy nvyN pfsfr qF KolHy hI, afDuink siBaqf aqy purfxI dunIaf qy nvIN dunIaf df Prk smJx ivc bhuq shfieqf kIqI.
ienHF idnF ivc ieh bhuq idlcsp igafn hoieaf ik ijhVf ieMglYNz Bfrq Auwqy iqMn sO sfl rfj krdf irhf, Auh do hjLfr sfl pihlF bhuq aswiBaf dysL huMdf sI. ieMglYNz dI qulnf ivc Bfrq eynf Aunq qy siBaf dysL mMinaf jFdf sI ik eIsf qoN vI 326 sfl pihlF iskMdr mhfn Bfrq nUM ijwqx afieaf sI, pr ibafs diraf dy iknfirAuN mfXUs ho ky muV igaf sI, qy rfh ivc hI bfbl sLihr ivc mr igaf sI. aMgryjLI BfsLf ivc iksy aMgryjL lyKk df iliKaf iek iekFgI pVHn df mOkf imilaf, ijs ivc do hjLfr sfl purfxy ieMglYNz dI JfkI hY. AunHF idnF ivc ietlI dI romn slqnq ieMglYNz qwk PYlI hoeI sI. aMgryjL lok romnF dy gulfm sn. iekFgI ivc do aMgryjL pfqr gwlF krdy iek dUjy nUM kihMdy hn, ieh romn lok bVy gMdy hn, ikAuNik ieh rojL nhfAuNdy hn. sLfied awj dy pMjfbI pfTkF nUM igafn hovy ik aMgryjL lok awj vI rojL nhIN nhfAuNdy. pMjfh-swT sfl pihlF qwk bhuigxqI aMgryjL GrF ivc guslKLfny vI nhIN sI huMdy. mhwly dy sFJy guslKLfinaF ivc hI nhfAux df pRbMD huMdf sI. nhfAux jF nf nhfAux df sMbMD mUl rUp ivc mOsm nfl huMdf hY. ieMglYNz aqy XUrp dy AuwqrI dysL bhuq TMzy hn. brPL vI bhuq pYNdI hY. Gr inwGy krny pYNdy hn. grmIaF ivc vI nhfAux leI grm pfxI dI loV pYNdI hY. iesdy mukfbly ivc romn lok ietlI dy rihx vfly sn. ietlI XUrp dy aYn dwKx ivc rom sfgr dy iknfry df dysL hY. rom sfgr ivc grm pfxI dIaF lihrF (“945S) cldIaF hn, jo nyVy dI DrqI nUM inwGf kr idMdIaF hn. ies krky ienHF dysLF dy lok rojL nhfAux dy jF bhuqf nhfAux dy afdI hn. XUrp dy dwKxI dysL XUnfn qy ietlI do iqMn hjLfr sfl pihlF hI Auwnq ho gey sn. ietlI dy romnF aqy XUnfn dy iskMdr mhfn ny aqy keI hor bfdsLfhF ny iesy AunwqI dy kfrn dUr-dUr qwk ijwqF hfsl kIqIaF sn.
pwCmI sfihq pVHidaF sB qoN pihlF iDafn hI XUnfn vl igaf sI. sukrfq, ijs nUM XUrpIn lok swc df pihlF pYgMbr mMndy sn, Ausdf cylf aPLlfqUn aqy aPLlfqUn df cylf arwsqU bhuq iKwc dy pfqr sn. aPLlfqUn qy arwsqU pVHidaF smJ afieaf ik aiDafqmvfd qy XQfrQvfd df Prk XUnfn ivc vI qyeI-cOvI sO sfl pihlF crcf df ivsLf bx igaf sI. aPLlfqUn ny afpxI pRiswD pusqk ‘‘gxrfj’’ ivc kvIaF dI ieh kihky inMidaf kIqI sI ik ieh lok idsdy jgq dIaF qsvIrF iKwcdy hn. idsdf jgq JUT (mfieaf) hY. pr arwsqU ny afpxI jgq pRiswD pusqk ‘‘pRoieitks’’ (kfiv sLfsqr) ivc kivqf, mhF kfiv aqy nftk dI vizafeI kIqI, ikAuNik ieh XQfrQ dy jgq dI gwl krdy hn.
AuNj mYnUM ies gwl dI hYrfnI sI ik ieMglYNz ijhVf do hjLfr sfl pihlF Bfrq qoN hI nhIN, XUrpIn dysLF XUnfn qy ietlI qoN vI, pCiVaf hoieaf sI, afDuink kfl ivc vwzf snaqI qy sLkqIsLflI dysL ikvyN bx igaf?
ies pRsLn df Auwqr AudoN lwiBaf, jdoN XUrp ivc afeI punr-jfigRqI df vyrvf piVHaf. pMdrHvIN sdI ivc qurkI ny guaFZI dysL XUnfn Auwqy hmlf krky kbjLf kr ilaf. qurkF aqy XUnfnIaF dI ksLmksL sdIaF purfxI sI. XUnfn dy pMizq (ivdvfn) afpxy dysL dy pRfcIn gRMQ cuwk ky ietlI ivc sLrnfgq ho gey. ietlI dy ivdvfnF ny vI ieh gRMQ pVHy. aPLlfqUn qy arwsqU dy gMRQ nf isrPL pVHy gey, ienHF dy anuvfd vI ietlI dI BfsLf lYitn (lfqInI) ivc hoey. lYitn qoN ieh gRMQ PrFsIsI ivc aqy aMgryjLI ivc anuvfd hoey. arwsqU XQfrQvfdI qF sI hI, Auh ivigafnI vI sI. arwsqU dy gRMQF dy pRBfv aDIn sB qoN vwzI gwl ieh hoeI, aPLlfqUn dy drsLn aqy eIsfeI Drm dI isiKaf qoN Ault, ienHF dysLF dy isafxy lok idsdy jgq dy XQfrQ aqy kudrq dy rhws nUM smJx vl vDyry iDafn dyx lwgy. iesny ivigafn dIaF kfZF qy lwBqF dI loV pYdf kIqI. gYlIilAu qy brUno ny bRihmMz dy Byq lwBidaF pihlI vfr ieh ikhf ik sUrj DrqI dy duafly gyVy nhIN mfrdf, ijvyN bfeIbl ivc iliKaf hoieaf hY, sgoN DrqI sUrj df gRih hY. ipwCoN kOprnIks ny dUrbIn bxf ky ieh qQ sQfpq kr idwqf. ienHF idnF ivc ipRMitMg pYRs dI kfZ inkl afeI. aKLbfr qy ikqfbF Cpx lwgIaF. igafn df hVH af igaf. nvIN iksm dI kivqf qy nvIN iksm df nftk qF ilKy hI gey, sfihq dIaF kuJ nvIaF ivDfvF inbMD qy nfvl vI pYdf ho geIaF. ieMglYNz dI rfxI ailjLbWQ (1558-1603eI[) jo Bfrq ivc akbr dI smkflI sI, dy rfj kfl ivc aMgryjLI smfj eynf Auwnq hoieaf ik drjnF sfihqkfr sfihq rcx lwgy, ijnHF ivcoN sLRomxI lyKk sLYkspIar (1564-1616 eI:) sI. ailjLbwQ qoN pihlF pUrf zyZ sO sfl ieMglYNz ivc koeI pVHn-Xog CotI njLm vI nhIN ilKI geI sI.
sLYkspIar dy nftkF ivc Jlkdf vMn-suvMnf sMsfr aqy sLYkspIar dI isrjxfqmk-pRiqBf nUM dyK ky aMgryjL lok eyny dMg hoey ik iek ‘imwQ’ Augm peI. imwQ ieh sI ik ieh nftk sLYkspIar nhIN ilKdf. Aus pfs eynf igafn aqy Xogqf ikvyN ho skdI hY? Auh qF bhuq piVHaf hoieaf hI nhIN. nf Auh ‘KfndfnI’ bMdf hY. ieh nftk qF lfrz bykn ilKdf hY, pr KfndfnI ivakqI hox krky aqy purfxI klfsIkl jLubfn lYitn df ivdvfn hox krky sfDfrn lokF dI bolI aMgryjLI ivc nftk rc ky AunHF nfl afpxf ‘iewjLqdfr’ nfm nhIN joVnf cfhuMdf. ies krky Ausny lMdn dy iek QIeytr dy bfhr reIs-drsLkF dy GoVy sMBflx df kMm krdy rhy iek ivakqI sLYkspIar nUM kuJ pYsy PI-nftk dyxy krky mnfieaf hoieaf hY, Auh afpxy nfm nfl ieh nftk QIeytr dy mYnyjr nUM dy ky iKzvf ilaf kry. ies imwQ Auwqy vI iek aMgryjL-nftkkfr df ricaf hoieaf iek iekFgI Cipaf hoieaf hY, jo bhuq sfl pihlF piVHaf sI.
sLYkspIar nfl sMbMDq hI iek hor piVHaf hoieaf nftk cyqy af irhf hY. sLYkspIar df afKLrI nftk ‘qUPLfn’ sI. jdoN ieh Kyizaf jf irhf sI, qF sLYkspIar dy nftk Kyzx dy afdI Ausdy aYktr ies nftk dI irhrsl ivc pRsMn nhIN sn. AunHF nUM ies nftk ivc, sLYkspIar dy pihly nftkF vflIaF isPLqF nhIN lwBdIaF. nf Auho ijhy ikrdfr, nf Auho ijhy sMvfd. sLYkspIar Auwqy aksr ieh nukqfcInI vI huMdI sI, Ausny XUnfn dy klfsIkl nftk dIaF bMdsLF dI pRvfh nhIN kIqI. Ausny iqMn eykqfvF (smyN, sQfn aqy kfrj dI eykqf) kfiem nhIN rwKIaF. swcI gwl ieh sI ik sLYkspIar ny bdly hoey Xuwg dy muqfbk nftk df pUrf sMklp mUloN hI bdl idwqf sI. pRfcIn nftk ivc plft pRDfn sI, cirwqr icqrx pRDfn nhIN sI. GtnfvF dyviqaF dI mrjLI anusfr vfprdIaF sn. mnuwK kTpuqlI sI. sLYkspIar vI dyviqaF df ijLkr krdf hY. qF vI, Ausdy nftkF ivc GtnfvF pfqrF dy cirqr dy muqfbk vfprdIaF hn. mnuwK afp hI afpxy nfl vfprdI qrfsdI leI jLuMmyvfr hY. ieAuN sLYkspIar ny mnuwK df mhwqv sQfpq kIqf. Ausny mnuwK dI mhfnqf qy nIcqf AuGfVI. Auh bhuq blvfn cirqr vfly pfqr pysL krdf hY. qF vI, ‘qUPLfn’ dI irhrsl kr rhy Ausdy pRsLMsk aiBnyqf nwk-bulH cfVH rhy hn. AunHF dI iek hor musLkl hY. nftk dy iek mhwqvsLIl pfqr kYlIbfn dI BUimkf adf kr irhf aiBnyqf ajy phuMicaf nhIN. irhrsl ikvyN sLurU hovy? eyny nUM sLYkspIar afp phuMc jFdf hY. nfl bYn jfnsn vI hY. bYn jfnsn kvI vI sI, qy nfl-nfl nftkkfr vI] ‘‘sLYkspIar iqMn eykqfvF dy isDFq dI pflxf nhIN krdf’’, ieh nukqfcInI krn vfilaF ivc bYn jfnsn sB qoN awgy sI. sLYkspIar AusnUM dwsdf hY, mYN qUPLfn ivc iqMn eykqfvF inBf ky idKfeIaF hn. mYnUM iqMn eykqfvF inBfAux dI jfc hY, BfvyN mYN ienHF dI pflxf awj dy jLmfny ivc byloVI smJdf hF. qUM myrf nftk Kyizaf jFdf dyK. jdoN aYktr dwsdy hn, kYlIbfn dI BUimkf inBfAux vflf klfkfr nhIN phuMicaf, qF sLYkspIar nftk dI ilKq dy kuJ vrky bYn jfnsn nUM ieh kihky PVf idMdf hY, GVI Br leI qUM hI kYlIbfn bx jf, qF ik irhrsl ho sky. sYkspIar ny kYlIbfn nUM aswiBaf aqy jFglI iksm dy lokF df pRqIinD pfqr bxfieaf hoieaf hY. nftk dy gory pfqr nftk ivc AusnUM sMboDn krky mMdy bol boldy hn. Auh sfbq krdy hn, Auh GtIaf jIv hY. bYwn jfnsn ny jdoN nftk df ieh ihwsf irhrsl ivc piVHaf qy boilaf, qF Auh BVk AuwiTaf. Ausny sLYkspIar nUM ikhf, qUM ieh pfqr qy ies pfqr dI BUimkf jfx buwJ ky mYnUM jLlIl krn leI pfeI hY qy awj vI qUM mYnUM socI-smJI Xojnf muqfbk irhrsl ivc lY ky afieaf hYN. sLYkspIar ny afpxI inrdosLqf dwsI, qy bYn jfnsn nUM TMzf krn dI koisLsL kIqI, pr jfnsn guwsy nfl lfl-pIlf hoieaf bfhr nUM Bwj igaf.
sfihqkfrF dI jIvn-idRsLtI aqy isLlp idRsLtI dy Prk dy kfrn do sfihqk-hsqIaF ivckfr pYdf huMdy tkrfa dI iek hor bhuq suafdlI Audfhrx aTfrHvIN sdI dy ieMglYNz ivc imldI hY. aMgryjLI BfsLf df pRiswD aflock rflPL PLfks afpxI pusqk ‘‘nfvl aqy lok’’ ivc ilKdf hY ik 1750 eI: qwk aTfrHvIN sdI aMgryjLI nfvl dI sunihrI sdI hY. ies sdI ivc zynIal zYPo ny ‘‘rfibnsn krUso’’, hYnrI PIlizMg (1700-1754 eI:) ny do nfvl ‘‘tOm jonjL’’ aqy ‘‘jojLPL aYzirAUjL’’ qy sYimAUl ircrzjLsn ny ‘‘pYimlf’’ nfvl ilKy. jdoN pYimlf 1740 eI: ivc Cipaf, qF Aus dI bVI qfrIPL hoeI. ivsLysL qOr ‘qy prMprfvfdI aKLlfk-pRsqF ny pYimlf dy Auwcy aKLlfk dI qfrIPL kIqI. ies nfvl dI sfrI khfxI nfiekf pYimlf dy KLqF dy rUp ivc vrnx kIqI geI hY, jo Auh afpxy amIr-mflk nUM ilKdI hY. Auh bhuq KLUbsUrq nOkrfxI hY. BUmIpqI amIr mflk Ausdy suMdr qn df rs cUsx leI Auqfvlf hY, pr pYimlf afpxI muhwbq df vfsqf pf ky AusnUM ieh mfVf kMm krn qoN rokdI hY. AuNj kihMdI hY, mYN jIvn-Br leI quhfzI hF. afKLr, mflk Aus nfl ivafh krf lYNdf hY. ieQy nfvl KLqm ho jFdf hY. PIlizMg nUM pYimlf bhuq GtIaf nfvl pRqIq hoieaf. AusnUM nfvl dI nfiekf pYimlf bhuq ihsfbI-ikqfbI pfKMzx pRqIq hoeI. AusnUM amIr BUmIpqI mflk, ijsdf ircrzjLsn ny pUrf nfm nhIN iliKaf sI, isrPL aMgryjLI ilwpI df svr ‘‘bI’’ hI nfm dy qOr ‘qy iliKaf sI, bxfvtI pfqr pRqIq hoieaf. Ausny ies nfvl df mKOl AuzfAux leI kfhlI nfl nfvl ‘‘sLYmIlf’’ iliKaf, qy 1741 ivc Cpvfieaf. pr qswlI Pyr vI nhIN hoeI. PIlizMg aTfrHvIN sdI dy qyjLI nfl bdl rhy smfj dIaF hkIkqF nUM bhuq bfrIkI nfl smJdf sI. purfxI BUmIpqI amIr jmfq inGfr dI isLkfr sI. kihMdI kuJ sI qy krdI kuJ sI. ies jmfq dy aDIn rhy, pr hux jfgRq ho rhy, nOkr-cfkr aqy ikrqI kfmy, igafn dy pfsfr dy pRBfv aDIn, afpxy pr qolx lwg pey sn. ienHF ny awgoN pYdf ho rhI agFhvDU mwD sLRyxI df ihwsf bxnf sI. hYnrI PIlizMg ny 1742 eI: ‘‘jojLPL aYNz irAUjL’’ nfvl iliKaf. ies ivc vI Ausny ircrzjLsn dy nfvl dy pfqr lY aFdy. imstr bI[ nUM bUbI bxfieaf. PIlizMg df nfiek aYNzirAUjL sr Qfms bUbI df GrogI nOkr hY, pr ijvyN ik nfvl df iek bhuq idlcsp pfqr pfdrI abrfhm afdm kihMdf hY, aYNzirAUjL GrogI nOkr huMdf hoieaf, mflk dy Gr ivc peIaF ikqfbF pVH pVH ky afpxy mflk nfloN bhuqf igafnvfn, buwDImfn aqy gqIsLIl mnuwK bx igaf hY. sr Qfms bUbI dI pqnI ies sqfrF sfl dy ishqmMd, hwsmwuK qy suMdr nOjvfn Auwqy mr imtI hY. Auh AusnUM afpxf afsLk bxn leI pRyrdI hY. aYNzirAUjL nUM sohxIaF qIvINaF mfVIaF nhIN lgdIaF. pr Auh ies mflkx dy mfXf-jfl ivc Ps ky afpxf BivwKq nhIN Krfb krnf cfhuMdf. AuNj vI AusnUM ienHF mflkF nfloN ies gwl dI vwD qmIjL hY, ik kdoN kI krnf cfhIdf hY, kI nhIN krnf cfhIdf? byXfro mddgfr qy grIb nOkr hox dy bfvjUd Auh ies amIr sLyrnI dI BuwK dI KLurfk bxn qoN tflf vwt jFdf hY. ‘BuwKI sLyrnI’ kRoD ivc af ky afpxy munsLI nUM kihMdI hY, iehdI qnKLfh df ihsfb-ikqfb krky iehnUM hvylI ivcoN bfhr kwZ dy. afpy BuwKy mrdy dy hosL itkfxy af jfxgy. so aYNzirAUjL nUM pUry pYsy vI nhIN imly. Auh ipMz Cwzky qur ipaf. awgoN sfrf nfvl aYNzirAUjL dIaF musIbqF, dlyrIaF, cusqIaF aqy pRfpqIaF dI khfxI hY. nfvl suKFq hY. PIlizMg nvIN AuwT rhI pIVHI dy supinaF dI pUrqI idKf irhf sI. inwGr rhI jmfq nUM inrfsLf dI dldl ivc PsidaF qy hfso-hIxIaF hrkqF kridaF idKf irhf sI.
pMjfbI sfihqkfrF ivcoN blvMq gfrgI afpxy nftkF dIaF pihlF-pihlF CpIaF pusqkF ivc afierlYNz dy nftkkfrF dy nfm aksr ilKdf sI. Aus dIaF pusqkF ivc ivlIam btlr Xyds, isMg qy lyzI grygrI dy nfm vfr vfr pVHy. pMjfbI nftk qy rMg-mMc dI ‘byby’ vjoN jfxI jFdI nohrf ircrzjL vI afierlYNz dI jMmpl sI. so, pwCmI sfihq pVHidaF jdoN afierlYNz dy nftkkfrF nUM pVHn df mOkf imilaf qF sfDfrn nfloN bhuqI Auqsukqf jfgI. isMg df iliKaf iekFgI ‘smuMdr nUM jfx vfly’ piVHaf, qF mnuwKI drd aqy sfDfrn mnuwK nfl vfprdIaF iBafnk qrfsdIaF dI khfxI ny qF ml nUM tuMibaf hI, ieh Byq vI KuilHaf ik gfrgI df hrmn ipafrf iekFgI ‘‘byby’’ isMg dy Auprokq iekFgI qoN pRBfvq ho ky iliKaf igaf hY.
afiersL nftk pVHidaF afierlYNz dy ieiqhfs bfry vI kuJ igafn imilaf. ieMglYNz, skftlYNz qy afierlYNz iml ky ‘‘XUnfeItYz ikMgzm afPL ibRitn’’ aKvfAuNdy sn. aMgryjLF dy rfj vyly Bfrq Auwqy hkUmq iekwly ieMglYNz dI nhIN mMnI jFdI sI, sMXukq brqfnIaf dI mMnI jFdI sI. pr hux pqf lwgf, afierlYNz ieMglYNz qoN afjLfd hox leI sdIaF qoN sMGrsL krdf af irhf sI. 1920 eI[ ivc afieirsL nyqf zI[ ivlyrf dI agvfeI ivc afierlYNz afjLfd hoieaf sI. ies afjLfd dysL df nfm hux vI ‘‘afiersL PrI styt’’ hY. vIhvIN sdI dy afrMB ivc jdoN afierlYNz dy lok afpxf dysL ieMglYNz dy aMgryjLF qoN mukq krfAux leI sMGrsL kr rhy sn qF, afierlYNz dy jMmpl sfihqkfr lMdn Cwz ky afierlYNz dI rfjDfnI nUM prqx lwgy. afiersL-aMgryjLI ivc kivqf, khfxI, nftk aqy nfvl rcy jfx dy hwk ivc siBafcfrk lihr cwl rhI sI. ies lihr df afgU lyKk ivlIam btlr Xyts sI. Auh afp afierlYNz jf bYTf sI. Auh cfhuMdf sI, afierlYNz df dUjf vwzf lyKk jfrj brnfrz sLfa vI ieMglYNz Cwz ky afierlYNz muV afvy, qy afpxy vqn afierlYNz dI sLfn dI bhflI leI ilKy.
jfrj brnfrz sLfa bhuq afjLfd-iKLafl lyKk sI. aMgryjL srkfr aqy aMgryjL kOm dIaF ijLafdqIaF nUM vI bKLsLdf nhIN sI. Ausny afierlYNz vl ieMglYNz dI nIqI Auqy qnjL krdf iek nftk ricaf "Uncle Sam's Other Island"[ jdoN ieh nftk lMzn ivc Kyizaf igaf, qF ieMglYNz df bfdsLfh jfrj pMjm vI iesnUM dyKx igaf. brnfrz sLfa dIaF lfeIaF iqwKIaF coBF Auqy bfdsLfh eynf hwisaf ik Auh kursI tuwt geI, ijsdy Auwqy nftk dyKdf Auh bYTf sI. pr brnfrz sLfa lMdn Cwz ky afierlYNz muVnf nhIN mMinaf. Aus vwloN aMgryjLI BfsLf ivc idwqf hoieaf Auwqr bVf pRiswD hY. Englad went to Ireland and conquered Ireland. I came to Englad and conquered England. (ieMglYNz ny afierlYNz Auwqy kbjLf kIqf hoieaf sI. mYnUM ies gwl df duwK sI. ies krky mYN afpxy sfihqk guxF nfl ieMglYNz Auwqy Dfvf boilaf, qy ieMglYNz nUM ijwq ilaf. hux mYN ijwqy hoey ieMglYNz nUM Cwz ky vfps afierlYNz ikAuN jfvF?)
ieh gwl Xfd rwKx vflI hY ik Xyts mUl rUp ivc kvI sI. koml-BfvI sUKLm sUKLm kivqfvF ilKdf sI. pr Ausny kfiv-nftk vI ilKy, qy iKzvfey. jdoN rfibMdr nfQ tYgor ny 1911-12 ivc bMgflI BfsLf ivc kivqf dI pusqk ‘‘gIqFjlI’’ CpvfeI, qF Auh afpxI rcnf pwCmI sMsfr qMk phuMcfAux leI smuMdrI jhfjL ivc bYT ky klkwqy qoN ieMglYNz leI quiraf. rfh ivc Auh afpxy gIq qy njLmF aMgryjLI ivc anuvfd krdf irhf. ieMglYNz ivc Ausny afpxy anuvfd Xyts nUM pVHfey. Xyts ny ienHF nUM hor sMvfiraf. ipwCoN ieho pusqk aMgryjLI BfsLf ivc ‘‘gIqFjlI’’ isrlyK hyT hI CpI. 1913 eI: ivc ‘‘gIqFjlI’’ nUM nobl ienfm imilaf. Xyts jfrj brnfrz sLfa dI vizafeI mMndf sI, pr AusnUM Ausdf nftk ilKx df ZMg psMd nhIN sI. Xyts kihMdf sI, 7[2[ Shaw argues[ He does not write poetry[ (sLfa nftkF ivc dlIlbfjLI bhuq krdf hY. Ausdy nftkF ivc kivqf vFg mn dIaF koml BfvnfvF nUM iqRpq krn dI smrwQf nhIN.) ijvyN asIN ipwCy iesLfrf kr rhy hF, Xyts aqy sLfa dovyN mhfn isrjxfqmk pRiqBfvF dy mflk sn. pr dovyN alwg-alwg pRkfr dIaF qbIaqF vfly ivakqI sn. sLfa buwDImfn aqy ivdvfn sI, icMqk sI. Ausdy ieh gux nftkF ivc pRgt huMdy sn. Xyts sLfierfnf qbIaq vflf socvfn ivakqI sI. Auh nftkF ivc sLfierI dy muhfvry ivc gwl krdf sI. donF nUM nobl ienfm imilaf. iek nUM 1924 ivc. dUjy nUM 1926 ivc.
1960-70 dy dhfky qoN bfad vI pwCmI sfihq pVHn df sLOk miraf nhIN, BfvyN smF Gwt imldf irhf. nfrvy dy srb-sLRysLt nftkkfr iebsn dy nftkF df pUrf sMgRih imilaf, qF sLurU qoN aKLIr qwk piVHaf. AusnUM afDuink XUrpIn nftk df ipqfmf mMinaf jFdf hY. rUsI khfxIkfr cYKLPL dIaF khfxIaF qF pVHdy hI afey sF, Ausdy nftk imly, qF Auh vI pVHy. cYKLPL, Xyts vFg hI, mnuwK dIaF koml BfvnfvF nUM smJx vflf sfihqkfr sI. AusnUM mnuwK dy duwK dI qIbrqf df aihsfs sI. aMgryjLI dy lyKk afskr vfielz dIaF ilKqF dI bVI crcf huMdI sI. Ausdf nfvl ‘ipkcr afPL zorIan gry’ qy Ausdy nftk vI pVHy. AusdI cusq iPLkrybfjLI pRiswD sI. amrIkn nfvl ‘‘gOn ivd df ivMz’’ bhuq vwzy afkfr df hY. ieh gory amrIknF vwloN gLulfm bxfey gey aPLrIkn hbsLIaF df sMsfr icqrdf hY. 1860-64 ivc amrIkf dy rfsLtrpqI iebrfhIm ilMkn ny gLulfm afjLfd kIqy, qF dwKx dy gory amrIknF ny afpxy hI rfsLtrpqI ivruwD XuwD CyiVaf sI. pr ilMkn ijwiqaf sI, BfvyN kql kr idwqf igaf sI. AunHF qUPLfnI idnF df ibrqFq ‘‘gOn ivd df ivMz’’ nfvl ivc pysL kIqf igaf sI. ipCly sflF ivc jdoN iksy BfrqI lyKk ny aMgryjLI ivc nfvl ilK ky pRiswDI KwtI, qF mYN nfvl KLrId ky pVHy. aruMDqI rfey df ‘‘gOz afPL smfl iQMgjL’’ (inwkIaF cIjLF df rwb) aqy ivkrm syT df nfvl ‘‘df sUtybl buafey’’ (ZukvF vr) vI bhuq suafd nfl pVHy.
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