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ig[ sMqoK isMG
bfry AupRokq isrlyK dyx lwigaF mYnUM keI vyr ieh socxf ipaf
ik mY ‘hsqfKr’ nflLoN hor kyhVf ijLafdf ZukvF sLbd AuhnF leI
vrqF! kdI mn ivc afvy ik ‘hsqfKr’ dI QF qy ‘sfihqkfr’ kdI
‘ieiqhfskfr’ sLbd vrqF qy kdI gurbfxI df ‘ivafiKafkfr’ vrqF.
iehnF sfry sLbdF (epitheps) dy arQF dy sumyl coN jyhVI
sLKLsIaq AuBr ky sfhmxy afAuNdI hY Auh hY igafnI sMqoK isMG
dI sLKLsIaq. BfvyN igafnI jI ny afpxy ivcfrF nUM klmbD krky,
pusqkF df rUp dyx df kMm afpxy jIvn dy bhuq ipCly smy hI
sLurU kIqf hY iPr vI ieMj kihxf ZukvF hovygf ik igafnI jI
ivc gurmiq, sfihq, ieiqhfs qy gurbfxI dI cytk lMmy smy qoN
inrMqr cldI af rhI hY. iehnF dy lyK qF 1966 qoN hI dys dy
rojLfnf qy mfsk pMjfbI pwqrF ivc sLurU ho gey sI. pr dys
Cwzx AupRMq lMmf smf ilKx qoN iehnF ny Gysl hI vwtI rwKI.
sLfied ieh ies krky hoieaf ik iehnF df lYkcrF rfhIN hI Js
pUrf ho jFdf sI. dunIaF Br dIaF XfqrfvF dOrfn iehnF df vfh
Dfrimk, smfj syvf, sfihqkfrI, pwqrkfrI aqy isafsI hlikaF ivc
ivcrn vflLy vMn suvMny lokF nflL pYNdf irhf hY. iehnF nUM
Dfrimk, ividak, sfihqk qy kOmI msilaF bfry iviKafn idMdy
rihx df bhuq sLOk hY. lMmf qjrbf aqy iehnF dI pRbIn aqy bODk
sUJ bUJ ny afKrkfr sQUl rUp ivc vI sfihqk aqy Dfrimk Kyqr
ivc do gurdsqy pusqkF dy rUp ivc pfTkF dy snmuK kr hI idqy
hn. myrI murfd igafnI jI dIaF do pusqkF qoN hY jyhVIaF ipCly
do sflF ivc hI sfzy sfhmxy afeIaF hn:
1 scy df scf Zoaf (do sMskrxF ivc)
2 AUjl kYhF iclkxf
igafnI jI dI qIsrI pusqk ies smy CpfeI aDIn hY.
iehnF pusqkF ivcly inbMD pMjfbI vfrqk leI vzmuwlI dyx hY.
iehnF lyKF nUM pVHn qoN bfad mY ieMj khFgf ik igafnI jI nf
qF inry hrnfm isMG sLfn vflLI kqfr ivc KVHn vfly ilKfrI hn
qy nf sMpUrn rUp ivc srvx isMG dy Kymy ivc. Auh iehnF dohF
KyimaF df sumyl jfpdy hn. blik mY qF ieh vI afKFgf ik iehnF
dy ivcfrF aqy lyKxI Aupr, gurbfxI qy gurmiq sfihq qoN bfad,
ipRMsIpl qyjf isMG, pRo[ sfihb isMG, Bgq pUrn isMG, ipRM[ s[
s[ amol, gurbKLsL isMG pRIqlVI afid lyKkF df pRBfv pRqwK
njLr afAuNdf hY. ijQy kuJ lyK Auc drjy dy Dfrimk hn EQy kuJ
lyK aYsy vI hn jo pfTkF qy hlkf Pulkf KLUbsUrq pRBfv Cwzdy
hn. ijvyN ik asIN jfxdy hF ik sfihq ny mUl rUp ivc do kfrj
krny huMdy hn:
1. iswiKaf (Instruction)
2. mnorMjn (Entertainment)
igafnI jI dy inbMDF ivc iehnF dohF kfrjF dI pUrqI huMdI hY.
agr Auh iek pfsy pfTkF nUM sdfcfr qy isRsLtfcfr dI iswiKaf
ihq pRyrq krdy hn qF dUjy bMny afpxy hfs rsI suBf ankUl,
afpxy ivcfrF nUM aijhf hlkf ijhf sLbdI jfmf pihnfAuNdy hn ik
pfTk mnorMjn hoieaf vI anuBv krdf hY. aijhf lyKF ivc hI nhI
blik Dfrimk styjF Aupr kIqy jFdyy afpxy iviKafnF ivc vI
aijhy hfs rs nUM pRo dyxf, igafnI jI dI iek AucycI ivsLysLqf
hY. igafnI jI dy lyKF df ivsLf muK qOr qy iswK Drm, sdfcfr,
sfihq, clMq kOmI msly, pMjfbI BfsLf, gurmuKI ilwpI, iswK
rfjnIqI aqy iswK Drm df sumyl huMdf hY. isafsI ivisLaF ivc
pMjfb, pMjfbI aqy pMjfbIaqvfd huMdf hY aqy Dfrimk ivisLaF
ivc inrol iswKvfd. bhuq ivisLaF df kyNdr ibMdU sRI drbfr
sfihb, iswK ieiqhfs aqy gurbfxI huMdy hn. ies ivc koeI sLwk
nhI ik igafnI jI nUM iehnF KyqrF bfry BrpUr jfxkfrI hY. kuJ
lyK sdfcfr aqy isRsLtfcfr dI ksOtI qy vI Kry Auqrdy hn.
iehnF dy afm igafn qoN pRBfvq ho ky keI sroqy qy pfTk ieh
BulyKf vI Kf jFdy hn ik sLfied igafnI koeI isafsI afdmI hn.
isafsq df igafn hoxf hor gwl hY qy isafsI afdmI hoxf iblkul
hI iek vwKrI Xogqf hY. myry iKafl ivc pRYktIkl inwq vrqINdI
isafsq qoN igafnI jI ievyN hI kory hn ijvyN shy df isr isÕF
qoN.
igafnI jI ny ivsLfl sMsfr dy bhuq sfry dysLF dI Xfqrf kIqI
hY. ieh XfqrfvF pMjfb qy iesdy kuJ gvFZI sUibaF qoN lY ky,
aPLRIkn mulkF dIaF vI kIqIaF hn. gwl kI, ijLlf aMimRqsr dy
iek inwky ijhy ipMz ‘sUro pwzf’ qoN sLurU ho ky AuqrI qy
dwKxI arD goilLaF dy dysL, AuqrI DRuv qoN lY ky sfry hI
mhFdIpF dy bhuq sfry mulkF df BRmx, iehnF ny kIqf hY. ieh
BRmx ajy vI lgfqfr jfrI hY. iehnF XfqrfvF dOrfn ijQy vI
igafnI jI gey, anykF DurMqr Dfrimk ivdvfnF, pwqrkfrF,
sfihqkfrF, smfj syvkF dy drsLn kIqy hn. ies qoN ielfvf AuhnF
ny iehnF dysLF dI BUgolk, isafsI aqy siBafcfrk siQqI nUM vI
nyiVAuN ho ky vficaf hY. kuJ lyK aijhI mnoibrqI dI Aupj vI
hn. ies pRkfr dy lyKF nUM iek alwg sPLrnfmy qihq vI aMjfm
idqf jf skdf hY.
igafnI jI df vzwpx ies gwl ivc vI hY ik Auh afpxI aflocnf
nUM vI iKVy mwQy nf kyvl kbUldy hI hn blik Xog AusfrU suJfvF
Aupr DMnvfd sihq aml krn df Xqn vI krdy hn. afpxI ilKq bfry
‘nfh pwKI’ suJfvF nUM CpvfAux ivc vI guryjL nhI krdy.
ijvyN jOPLrI (Geopphrey Chaucer) dy msLhUr kfiv-sMgRih ‘d
kYNtrbrI tyljL’ (The
Canterbury
Tales) ivc, bhuq bfad hoNd
ivc afAux vflLy nfvl dIaF ivsLysLqfeIaF df Jlkfrf pYNdf hY
AuvyN hI igafnI jI idaF inbMDF ivcoN vI keI vfr khfxI ijhI
bihr vyKx nUM imlLdI hY. ies pRkfr ieh inbMD glp (fiction),
vfrqk (non-fiction)
Drm, (dilacticism)
ieiqhfs, (history)
svYjIvnI (autobiography)
aqy sLbd-kosL (lexicography)
df sumyl bx jFdy hn. ies sfry kuJ nUM ieky inbMD ivc iekiTaF
krky pysL krnf vI iek klf hY. ieh igafnI jI dI lyKxI df
ivsLysL gux hY. igafnI jI nUM pMjfbI ilwpI dy sLbd-joVF nUM,
lyKkF vwloN axgihlI nflL kIqI jFdI vrqoN nhI BfANudI. iesnUM
suDfrn dI inrMqr koisLsL vI AyuhnF df ieh ivsLysL gux hY.
imsfl dy qOr qy Auh gurmuKI ivc, ibMdI, ishfrI, aDk, H dI
durvrqoN qoN bhuq icVHdy hn. kuJ lyKkF qy pwqrkfrF vwloN
pMjfbI dy sLbd-joVF df ihMdIkrx, byloVy ihMdI sLbdF nUM
pMjfbI ilKq ivc Aucycy qOr qy GsoVn df koJf Xqn, igafnI jI
nUM bVf cuBdf hY. TIk sLbd joVF bfry inrMqr Koj AuhnF dI
mnoibrqI df ainKVvF aMg hY. BfvyN ik AuhnF dIaF afpxIaF
CpIaF ikqfbF ivc ies Auqy pUrI qrHF aml nhI ho sikaf. jdoN
mY ies KfmI vwl igafnI jI df iDafn idvfieaf qF iesdf Auqr vI
AuhnF ny afpxy suBf anusfr idMidaf hoieaF, kuJ dosL pRkfsLkF
dI ijLd aqy kuJ afpxI kfhlLI nUM idMdy hoey, ieh khfxI suxf
idqI:
iek kfhlLy suBf vflLf nOjvfn shurIN clf igaf. sws ny QflLI
ivc rotI pRos ky awgy rwKI. QflI ivc hor pdfrQF ny nflL nflL
swkr iGE vI sI. kfhlLI ivc nOjvfn ny grm grm swkr iGE df
vwzf icmcf Brky mUMh ivc pf ilaf. jdoN mMUh sVn lwgf qF Cwq
vwlL mUHMh cuwk ky PUkF ijhIaF mfrn lwg ipaf qy bhfnf
bxfieaf ik Auh vYsy hI Cwq vwl vyK irhf hY. aOKy sOKy burkI
aMdr lMGf ky afiKaf “mF jI, Cwq dy bfly ivMgy pfey hoey ny!”
“pwuq, sB kfhlLIaF dy hI pwty hoey ny!” sws ny ZukvF Auqr
idqf jo shI siQqI nUM jfxdI sI. so igafnI dIaF ikqfbF dy
sLbd-joV vI kfhlLI dy hI pwty hoey ny!
igafnI jI dIaF Dfrimk, smfjk, sfihqk, ivwidak, kOmI KyqrF
ivc kIqIaF syvfvF df mfx kridaF hoieaF, bhuq sfrIaF sMsQfvF
ny afp jI df smy smy snmfn krky, iehnF dIaF syvfvF nUM mfnqf
pRdfn kIqI hY.
AuhnF mhfn sMsQfvF ivcoN kuJ ku dy nF ies pRkfr hn:
1[ sRI drbfr sfihb, aMimRqsr (Dfrimk syvfvF leI snmfn)
2[ sLRomxI gurduafrf pRbMDk kmytI aMimRqsr (pMQk syvfvF leI
snmfn)
3[ sLRomxI akflI dl aMimRqsr (pMQk syvfvF leI snmfn)
4[ pMjfbI sMgIq sYNtr, afstRylIaf (izsitMguiesLz iswK skflr
aYvfrz)
5[ pMjfbI kONsl afPL afstRylIaf (pMjfbIaq df mfx Bgq pUrn
isMG syvf aYvfrz)
6[ pMjfbI swQ[ lFbVf pMjfb (ipRMsIpl qyjf isMG sfihqk
aYvfrz)
7[ XUrpIan swQ brimMGm (pRoPLYsr pUrn isMG sfihqk aYvfrz)
8[ iswK kimAUintI aYNz XUQ srivs XU ky (Bgq bfbf DMnf jwt
sfihqk sflfnf aYvfrz)
9[ gurU nfnk sosfietI afPL afstRylIaf (Dfrimk syvf aYvfrz)
10[ Kflsf dIvfn hFg kFg (pRcfr syvf aYvfrz)
11[ akflI isMG iswK sosfietI vYnkUvr, kYnyzf (pRcfr syvf
aYvfrz)
12[ sLRomxI akflI dl kYnyzf (pMQk syvf aYvfrz)
sfbk lYkcrfr, bwbr akflI mYmorIal KLflsf kflj
gVHsLMkr (huisLafrpur)
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