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sMqoK isMG jI brqfnIaf ivwc
vsdy jfxy-pCfxy lyKk hn. ÈfierI krn dy nfl vfrqk vI ilKdy hn. kuwJ arsf
pihlF smkflI lyKkF dy Èbd-icwqr vI ilKy sn. iewk pusqk ‘eIÈvr dy Éq’
sMpfdq vI kIqI sI. awj kwlH Èihr rYizMg ivwc afvfsIaF dIaF afriQk, smfijk
aqy rfjnIiqk smwisafvF dy smfDfn pRqI sMGrÈF ivwc mhwqvpUrn Xogdfn pf rhy
hn. BfrqI ikRqI sBf (I.W.A)
gRyt ibRitn aqy BfrqI ikimAUinst sBf (mfrkisst) dy srgrm kfrkun hn.
pRgqIÈIl ilKfrI sBf gRyt ibRitn dI rYizMg bRFc dy krqf-Drqf rhy hn.
Auprokq, pyÈ qwQF qoN BlIBFq igafn pRfpq ho jFdf hY ik Auh cyqn, ikRafÈIl,
mnuwK aqy bcnbwD pRgqIvfdI lyKk hn. hQlI pusqk ‘pYirs dI ipafs’ AuhnF dI
coxvI kivqf df sMigRh hY ijs nUM pRiswD Èfier zf: jgqfr jI ny sMpfdq kIqf
hY. ies qoN pihlF Auh cfr kfiv-sMigRh Aujly hnyry (1968), rMg rUp (1972),
lfl Èyr vflf cOk (1978) aqy XoDf (1987) pMjfbI BfÈf dI JolI ivwc pf cuwky
hn.
ies pusqk ivclIaF kivqfvF df boD aqy mulMkx krn leI sB qoN pRQm kfrj iehnF
ivwc AuplbD pirBfÈfxIX ÈbdfvlI ijvyN ik vIaqnfm dy jvfn, eyÈIaf dI syj,
aÌrIkf dI ihwk, amrIkf dy aMnHy boly hnyry, srmfeydfrI dy jMgl, kRFqI df
ilÈkfrf, ilbryÈn, PlsqInI gurIlf, lotUaF dy ieÈfry, mukqI POj, Aujrq,
munfÌf, imhnqkÈ, soiÈilËm, afrQk sMkt aqy anykF hor Èfbidk hvfilaF dy arQ
gRihx krny ainvfrI hn.
sMqoK jI leI kivqf ÈbdF df afmuhfrf vihx nhIN sgoN sucyq smfjk/rcnfqimk
aml hY. ies leI iehnF ÈbdF nUM pirBfÈq krn leI ajoky sMsfr dy
rfjnIiqk/afriQk sMidRLÈ nUM smJdy hoey iehnF nUM drusq rfjnIiqk pirpyKF dy
aMqrgq ivcfrnf hovygf. pihlF iliKaf igaf hY ik sMqoK jI pRgqIvfdI kvI hn.
Ëfhr hY Auh dvMdvfdI pdfrQvfd dI kfiv-idRÈtI rfhIN kfiv vsqU-XQfrQ nUM smJ
ky kfiv-rcnf ivwc rUpFqirq krdy hn ijs nUM smJx leI smkflI sMsfr dI
rfjnIiqk-afriQk sMrcnf df boD krnf lfËmI hY. ajoky Xuwg dIaF pRmuwK
ivroDqfeIaF (Law of
Contradiction) hyT ilKy
anusfr hn:
1) pUMjIvfdI dyÈF ivwc aMdrUnI ÈyRixk ivroDqfeI: ÈoÈxkfr ÈRyxI aqy sLoÈq
ÈRyxI ivc
2) sfmrfjI dyÈF dI pRspr ivroDqfeI (mMzI hiQafAux leI)
3) sfmrfjI aqy smfjvfdI dyÈF dI ivroDqfeI
4) smfrfjI dyÈF aqy qIjy jgq (eyÈIaf, aÌrIkf aqy lfqInI amrIkf) dI
ivroDqfeI
sMqoK jI Auprokq ivroDqfeIaF dy aMdrUnI qrk aqy gqI df boD kr ky, ÈoÈq
ÈRyxI, smfjvfdI dyÈF aqy qIjy jgq dy aivksq dyÈF dy hwk ivwc afpxI klm
rfhIN kfrjÈIl huMdy hn. ies pRsMg ivwc hI AupRokq sfry sLbd afpxy arQ
gRihx krdy hn ijvyN ‘munfPLf’ sLbd ÈoÈxkfr ÈRyxI leI nYiqk KwtI df sUck hY
prMqU sMqoK jI leI ieh Èbd ÈoÈq sRLyxI dI kIqI anYiqk luwt-coNG df sUck
hY. hryk Èbd dy arQ dy ivsQfr ivwc jfx dI QF, myrI bynqI hY ik ies
pRsqfivq kuMjI nfl pfTk-jn afp Auprokq ÈbdF dy arQF dy ijMdry KolH skdy
hn. prMqU sMKyp ivwc ikhf jf skdf hY ik sMqoK jI dI kivqf df anuBv aqy
sMvydnf, inafsiraF df afsrf, inEitaF dI Et, inhwiQaF dy hwQ, inpwiqaF dI
pwq aqy bihblF df bl bxdy hn.
pUMjIvfdI dyÈF dy aMdrUnI ÈRyxk sMGrÈ dy pRsMg ivwc sMqoK jI dI
kfiv-idRÈtI nUM Auicq arQF ivwc smJx leI pUMjIvfdI ivvsQf (Capitalist
System) dy lwCxF nUM
smJxf pvygf jo ies pRkfr hn:
1) ÈRyxI smfj: do ÈRyxIaF
A) burjuafjI ÈRyxI ijs df Aupj dy sfDnF AuWqy kbËf huMdf hY.
a) pRolyqfrI: ijhVI Aupj pYdf krn dI pRikRaf ivwc imhnq vycdI
hY.
2) injI jfiedfd
3) munfÌf
4) mukfblf
5) mMzIgq afriQkqf
6) pUMjI df iekwqrIpx
7) Aupj dy sMdF ivwc AunqI
8) afriQk sMkt afid pUMjIvfdI smfj ivwc burjuafjI ÈRyxI df rfjswqf AuWqy
vI kbËf huMdf hY aqy Auh munfÌf kmfAux, vDfAux, injI jfiedfd bxfAux, pUMjI
hiQafAux afid dI pRikRaf ivwc pRolyqfrI ÈRyxI dI luwt-coNG krdI hY. ieh
dovyN ÈRyxIaF prspr dvMdfqimk irÈqy ivwc bwJIaF huMdIaF hn aqy iehnF dy
afriQk ihwq afps ivwc tkrfAux dI pRikRaf ivwc rihMdy hn. pRgqIvfdI kvI dI
kfiv-aBIivakqI iehnF ÈRyxIaF dy vKry vKry XQfrQ dy prspr tkrfE dy pRsMgF
nfl sMbMiDq hY. dohF ÈRyxIaF dy supny, suhj, svfd, afkFiKafvF, rIJF,
AumMgF, loVF, sMBfvnfvF, klpnfvF, BfvnfvF, duwK, suwK, zr aqy sONdrX vwK
vwK huMdy hn. mfrksvfd df KojafrQI kvI ies ivvwsQf dI qih dr qih, prq dr
prq ProlidaF prfpq sfpyKk XQfrQ nUM pRolyqfrI ÈRyxI dI idRÈtI qoN afpxy
kfiv ivwc Zfl ky prsquq krdf hY.
ies pRsMg ivwc pRÈn Auqpn huMdf hY ik ies prfpq/sfpyKk XQfrQ nUM pRolyqfrI
ÈRyxI dy idRÈtIkox qoN rcnf-vsqU ivwc ikvyN smoieaf, rcfieaf, Zfilaf,
Goilaf jfvy. ies pRikRaf dy smuwc nUM iewk GxCfvyN, suMdr, Pldfr ruwK nfl
sMigaf dy ky BfvpUrq iswtf kwZx dI sMBfvnf Aujfgr ho skdI hY. ruwK dy
hry-Bry pwqy, ÉUbsUrq Puwl, imwTf BrpUr Pl, kfrbn zfeIafksfeIz nUM cUs ky
afksIjn prdfn krn dI rihmq, mINh, hnyrI, JwKV nUM qn Aupr brdfÈq krn df
jyrf, pMCIaF leI Tfhr, rfhIaF leI CF afid Ausdy asiqqv nUM suMdr, muwlvfn,
pirafvrx leI mhwqvpUrx aqy kilafxkfrI sMdrB bKÈdy hn prMqU Aus dI smuwcI
hoNd Aus dIaF ËmIn ivwc lukIaF jVHF krky hI kfiem rih skdI hY. dUjy ÈbdF
ivwc Aus dIaF jVHF Aus dI smuwcI hoNd df sB qoN vwD mhwqvpUrn aMg hn prMqU
vyiKaF nËr nhIN afAuNdIaF, hyTF DrqI ivwc lukIaF huMdIaF hn. eysy hI qrHF
kvI nUM afpxf isDFqk idÈRtIkox aijhI ivDI jugq, klf/kOÈlqf, ibMb ivDfn,
kflpink ÈkqI, Èbd-cox, Èbd-jVq afid rfhIN afpxI rcnf ivwc sMcfirq krnf
cfhIdf hY ik Auh rcnf dy Aupr qrdf jF ipaf nËr nf afvy prMqU ruwK dIaF
jVHF vFg ies ivwc zUMGf luikaf hovy.
Auprokq sMKyp crcf sMqoK jI dI kivqf nUM smJx/mulMkx krn ivwc shfeI ho
skdI hY ijs df bhuq sMKyp rUp ivwc vrnx kIqf jfvygf. ‘pYirs dI ipafs’
pusqk ivwc CpMjf kivqfvF sMimlq hn. sfrIaF hI arUË dI bMdÈ dIaF pfbMd
nhIN. prMqU vDyry kivqfvF ivwc qukFq (Rhyme)
joiVaf igaf hY. keI QfeIN ieh rcnf/prvfh/vhf ivcoN Auqpn hox dI QF mkYnkI
ZMg nfl vI prfpq huMdf hY. ijvyN qukF dy afKrI do isry pihlF joV ky ivckfr
sMbMDq Èbd Bry hox. ijs kfrn ikqy ikqy sMcfr dI smwisaf vI isr cuwkdI hY.
prMqU ieh byqukI, ibnF isr/pYr, ivgVI/ivgfVI vfrqk iblkul nhIN. ies df
pYtrn kivqf df invyklf muhfvrf isrjdf hY. suMdr ÈbdfvlI aqy ibMb-ivDfn dI
jugq mn nUM BfAuNdI aqy tuMbdI hY.
pihlF ikhf jf cuwkf hY ik pRgqIvfdI isDFq sMqoK jI dy avcyqn, jIvn-jfc aqy
aml df ainwKVvF aMg hY, ies leI ieh iswDy/aiswDy, proK/aproK, idsdy/aidsdy
rUp aqy Gwt/vwD mfqrf ivwc ikqy nfarf lf ky iswDy prcfr rfhIN aqy ikqy
koml ÈbdfvlI, alMkfrk/ibMb-ivDfn rfhIN DIvIN sur ivc, kfiv-rcnf dI sMrcnf
ivwc mOjUd rihMdf hY. kuwJ kivqfvF qF inrol aMqr-rfÈtrI/rfÈtrI rfjnIiqk
GtnfvF/vrqfiraF nfl sMbMDq hn aqy iehnF df pRyrnf sRoq pwqrF, ryzIE,
tYlIivXn jF ieMtrnYt rfhIN prfpqI kIqI sUcnf-smwgrI hY ijvyN ‘ikRs hnI’,
‘stIv bIko’, ‘isiqafgo dy cOk’ aqy ‘kfbl’ afid. aijhIaF kivqfvF dI pRikRaf
ivwc zUMGy AuWqridaF prqIq huMdf hY ik Èfier ny afpxy isDFq nUM pRsquq krn
vjoN iehnF GtnfvF/vrqfiraF nUM bfhrI pRsMg (Objective
co-relative) vjoN gRihx
kIqf hY aqy Aus dI suMdr kfiv-klf BMg hoeI hY. ikqy ikqy qF Èfier joÈ ivwc
gflI-gloc qk AuqfrU ho jFdf hY ijvyN ‘KrsKfDI XU aYWn E kuwqy vFg kUkdI
(ikRs hnI pMnf 104). Èfier nUM igafn hoxf cfhIdf hY ik kuwqf nhIN koiel
kUkdI huMdI hY. kuwqf BONkdf hY.
myrf awjvF AudyÈ-Bfv sMqoK jI dIaF kivqfvF ivcoN klfqimk aqy isDFqk
ÉfmIaF, GftF qy AUxqfeIaF pRgtfAuxf nhIN. ies qrÌ mYN hor ivsQfr ivwc nhIN
jfvFgf. aijhI smkflI pRgqIvfdI kivqf dI mhwqqf ies pRsMg ivwc hY ik ieh
irafsqI pUMjI (State
Capital), ivwqI pUMjI (Financial
capital) aqy swnaqI
pUMjI (Multinational
Corporations) dy rlvyN
dOr ivwc ivÈv bYNk, aMqr-rfÈtrI mudrf koÈ PMz aqy ivÈv ivEpfr kyNdr rfhIN
ivÈvIkrx, injIkrx aqy AudfrIkrx dIaF nIqIaF dy pfsfr, prcfr qy sMcfr df
sfmrfjI ichrf-muhrf nMgf hox krky nvyN mfnvI sMsfr dy supny isrjdI hY.
pfTk/sroqy aqy kuwl dunIaf dy imhnqkÈ lokF nUM iehnF mfrU nIqIaF pRqI
sucyq krky iehnF ivruwD sMGrÈ krn leI AuqÈfh aqy pRyrnf bKÈdI hY.
hwQlI pusqk dIaF ijhnF kivqfvF ivwc Èfier dI kfiv-idRÈtI Aus dy prqwKx (perception)
gRihx ÈkqI (cognition)
qy rfjnIqk sMGrÈ dy aml rfhIN iksy mfnvI srokfr/siQqI nfl juV ky aiBivakq
hoeI hY Auh kivqfvF AusdI XQf-sLkq isLlp-klf, jugqF, ibMb-qrfÈI, klpnf
ÈkqI, Èbd-cox, Èbd-joV, rs-isDFq afid dy guxF kfrn vDyry klfmeI hn ijvyN
‘bIbI jIxI’, ‘irÈqy’, ‘pwqx’, ‘kfl-klMkI’, ‘myiraF nYxF `c jwg hY’, ‘awj
kuVI’ aqy ‘aDUrI’ kivqf afid. do AuWqm nmUny vyKo:
Auhdy jIvn dIaF sLuafvF
iks ibD CMd bxfvF
ijhnI rfhIN Auh sI quiraf
rfh AuhnF dI DUV nf lwgI
jIBF qy pr Kol cVHf ky
jfdU vrgy bol bxf ky
hovy nf ieh mYQoN pUrI
Bgq isMG bfry
kivqf myrI rfhy aDUrI.
(aDUrI kivqf pMnf 57)
ies kivqf ivwc ajoky mwDvrgI buwDIjIvIaF AuWqy bhuq hI zUMGy aqy sUÉÈm rUp
ivwc ivaMg AuplbD hY.
irÈqy dI loV
hY mUl nfl bwDI
ijs df ivafj Aumr KFdI hY
qy nvyN iÉafl AupjFdI hY
iÉaflF dI sFJ
rihMdI nhIN bFJ
(irÈqy pMnf 70)
ieh kivqf Èfier dI afpxy isDFq nfl pRqIbwDqf dI sUck hY.
ies pusqk df smuwcf kfiv, ÈoÈq/vMicq ÈRyxI, qIjI dunIaf dy grIb lokF,
sfmrfjI jMg ivruwD jUJdy dyÈF dy XoiDaF aqy smuwcI mnuwKqf dy duwK, drd
aqy kuMTf df pRvcn hY ijhVf ikqy iswDI, srl, spft aqy ikqy ibMbmeI,
KLUbsUrq ÈbdfvlI rfhIN afkfr gRihx krdf hY. ies ivwc pRsquq kfivk hvfly
dunIaf Br dy kroVF imhnqkÈF dy supinaF aqy sMGrÈF dI gfQf nUM pRkfÈmfn
krdy hn. ieh ajoky ivjogIkrx, dyhIkrx, amfnvIkrx aqy akivkrx dy dOr ivwc
mfnvI kdrF-kImqF df pRqIk hY ijs df Auicq mulMkx pRgqIvfdI kfiv-Èfsqr
rfhIN hI sMBv hY.
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